Temple of Antoninus and Faustina

Description of the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina

The Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, located in the heart of the Roman Forum, offers visitors a unique glimpse into the architectural ingenuity of ancient Rome. As tourists approach the temple, they are greeted by the imposing structure that has withstood the test of time, transitioning from a pagan temple to a Christian church. The temple’s transformation over the centuries is evident in its architectural elements, which combine Roman and Christian influences. Visitors can explore these layers of history by observing the temple’s columns, friezes, and the remnants of its original marble facade.

The temple’s strategic location on the Via Sacra, opposite the Regia, makes it a focal point for those interested in the religious and political life of ancient Rome. As visitors walk through the site, they can appreciate the grandeur of the temple’s Corinthian columns and the intricate carvings that adorn its frieze. The site also offers an opportunity to reflect on the temple’s historical significance as a place of worship and its subsequent adaptation into the Chiesa di San Lorenzo in Miranda.

The Pronaos and Corinthian Columns

The temple’s pronaos is one of its most striking features, characterized by eight monolithic Corinthian columns that stand at an impressive height of 17 meters. These columns are crafted from cipollino marble, a material known for its distinctive green hue and veining, which was highly prized in ancient Rome. The columns’ capitals, made of white marble, showcase the intricate acanthus leaves typical of the Corinthian order, reflecting the artistic sophistication of the period.

Visitors can observe the deep grooves on the columns, which are remnants of a medieval attempt to dismantle the temple for spolia. These grooves are a testament to the temple’s resilience and the changing attitudes towards pagan structures during the Middle Ages. The columns not only serve as architectural supports but also as historical markers, illustrating the temple’s journey through time.

The Frieze and Decorative Elements

The frieze beneath the temple’s cornice is adorned with rich bas-reliefs that depict griffins, acanthus scrolls, and candelabra. These motifs are emblematic of the Antonine period, showcasing the artistic trends and religious symbolism of the era. The frieze’s intricate carvings were often replicated in the Renaissance and later periods, highlighting their enduring aesthetic appeal.

Tourists can appreciate the craftsmanship of these decorative elements, which provide insight into the temple’s original grandeur. The frieze serves as a visual narrative, connecting visitors to the cultural and religious practices of ancient Rome. As they examine the details, they can imagine the temple’s original splendor and its role as a center of worship.

The Cella and Interior Space

The temple’s cella, constructed from large blocks of peperino tufa, was originally clad in white marble, creating a striking contrast with the surrounding structures. Although much of the marble facing has been scavenged over the centuries, visitors can still see traces of the original cladding and the metal clamps that held the marble slabs in place.

Inside the cella, tourists can envision the large, seated statues of Faustina the Elder and Antoninus Pius that once graced the interior. Fragments of these statues were discovered during excavations, offering a glimpse into the temple’s past as a site of imperial veneration. The cella’s transformation into a church is also evident, with the addition of Christian altars and chapels that reflect its continued use as a place of worship.

The Conversion to San Lorenzo in Miranda

The temple’s conversion into the Chiesa di San Lorenzo in Miranda marks a significant chapter in its history. This transformation, which likely began in the seventh century, is a testament to the adaptability of ancient structures and their integration into the Christian landscape of Rome. Visitors can explore the church’s interior, which retains elements of the original temple while incorporating baroque features added during its reconstruction in the 17th century.

The church’s main altar, featuring a reredos canvas by Pietro da Cortona, depicts the Martyrdom of St. Lawrence, connecting the site to the Christian narrative. This blending of pagan and Christian elements offers a unique perspective on the cultural and religious shifts that have shaped Rome’s architectural heritage.

The Podium and Access

The temple is elevated on a high podium, accessed by a reconstructed brick staircase. This elevation not only enhances the temple’s prominence within the Forum but also offers visitors a vantage point from which to view the surrounding area. The podium’s construction from large tufa blocks reflects the engineering prowess of Roman builders and their ability to create enduring structures.

Although the original access from the Forum is no longer possible due to excavations that have lowered the ground level, visitors can still appreciate the temple’s commanding presence. The podium serves as a reminder of the temple’s original function as a place of worship and its enduring legacy as a symbol of Rome’s architectural and cultural history.

History of the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina

Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, an ancient Roman edifice, stands as a testament to the architectural and cultural evolution of Rome. Founded in 141 AD by Emperor Antoninus Pius, the temple was initially dedicated to his deceased and deified wife, Faustina the Elder. This dedication marked Faustina as the first Roman empress to have a permanent presence in the Forum Romanum. Over the centuries, the temple underwent significant transformations, reflecting the shifting religious and political landscapes of Rome.

Upon the death and deification of Antoninus Pius in 161 AD, the temple was rededicated to both Antoninus and Faustina by his successor, Marcus Aurelius. This re-dedication was a significant event, symbolizing the enduring legacy and divine status of the imperial couple. The temple’s architecture and inscriptions, such as “Divo Antonino et Divae Faustinae Ex S.C.”—meaning “For the divine Antoninus and for the divine Faustina, by decree of the Senate”—highlight its importance in Roman society.

Construction and Dedication (141 AD – 161 AD)

The construction of the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina began in 141 AD, under the auspices of Emperor Antoninus Pius. The temple was a monumental project, designed to honor Faustina the Elder, who had recently passed away. The temple’s location in the Forum Romanum, opposite the Regia, was strategic, ensuring that it was a prominent feature in the heart of Rome.

The temple’s architecture is characterized by its high platform made of large grey peperino tufa blocks and its eight monolithic Corinthian columns, each standing 17 meters tall. These columns, along with the rich bas-reliefs of the frieze featuring griffins, acanthus scrolls, and candelabra, exemplify the grandeur of Roman temple architecture. The temple’s initial dedication solely to Faustina was a significant cultural moment, as it was the first time a Roman empress was immortalized in such a manner within the Forum.

Rededication and Numismatic Evidence (161 AD – 7th Century)

Following the death of Antoninus Pius in 161 AD, the temple was rededicated to include the emperor himself. This act of rededication by Marcus Aurelius not only honored his predecessor but also reinforced the divine status of the imperial couple. Numismatic evidence from this period suggests that the temple was originally fenced off from the Via Sacra, and it housed large statues of both Faustina and Antoninus Pius within its cella.

The temple’s significance during this period is further underscored by its depiction on copper alloy coins, which circulated widely throughout the empire. These coins served as a testament to the temple’s importance and the enduring legacy of Antoninus and Faustina. Despite the passage of time, the temple remained a vital part of the Roman religious and cultural landscape until its conversion in the early medieval period.

Conversion to a Christian Church (7th Century – 11th Century)

As the Roman Empire transitioned into the Christian era, many pagan temples were repurposed for Christian worship. The Temple of Antoninus and Faustina was no exception. By the 7th century, it had been converted into a Roman Catholic church, known as the Chiesa di San Lorenzo in Miranda. This conversion was part of a broader trend of Christianization, which played a crucial role in the preservation of many ancient structures.

The church’s name, “Miranda,” is believed to derive from either the beauty of its location or the name of a benefactress. The conversion ensured the survival of the temple’s cella and portico, although much of the original marble facing was scavenged over time. The adaptation of the temple into a church reflects the complex interplay between pagan and Christian traditions during this transformative period in Roman history.

Renaissance Restoration and Modern Legacy (11th Century – Present)

During the Renaissance, there was a renewed interest in the classical heritage of Rome. In 1536, the church was partially demolished to restore the ancient temple’s portico for the visit of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. This restoration was part of a broader effort to celebrate Rome’s imperial past and its architectural achievements.

In the 17th century, the church was remodeled in the Baroque style, further integrating it into the evolving architectural landscape of Rome. Despite these changes, the temple’s historical significance remains intact, serving as a symbol of Rome’s enduring legacy. Today, the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina stands as a testament to the city’s rich history, attracting scholars and visitors alike who seek to explore its storied past.

Visiting the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina

Approaching the Site

Visitors approaching the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina will find it prominently located within the historic Roman Forum. The temple stands as a testament to ancient Roman architectural prowess, with its imposing Corinthian columns and elevated platform. As you walk along the Via Sacra, the temple’s grandeur is evident, juxtaposed against the backdrop of other significant ruins. The area is accessible for exploration, offering a unique opportunity to witness the convergence of ancient history and modern preservation efforts.

The temple’s exterior, with its richly detailed frieze and monumental columns, can be admired up close. While the interior of the temple, now the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda, may not be accessible for public entry, the site itself provides ample opportunity for photography and contemplation. Visitors are encouraged to take their time to appreciate the intricate stonework and historical significance of this ancient site.

Contextual Significance

The Temple of Antoninus and Faustina is not just a standalone monument but part of a broader historical and cultural tapestry. Situated in the Forum Romanum, it is surrounded by other iconic structures such as the Temple of Saturn and the Arch of Septimius Severus. This proximity allows visitors to immerse themselves in the heart of ancient Rome, where political, religious, and social activities once thrived.

For those interested in a comprehensive understanding of the Roman Forum, the temple serves as a pivotal point in a broader itinerary. Its transformation from a pagan temple to a Christian church reflects the dynamic history of Rome itself. As you explore the area, consider the temple’s role in the narrative of Roman architectural evolution and religious transition.

Practical Tips for Visitors

When visiting the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, it is advisable to wear comfortable footwear, as the terrain of the Roman Forum can be uneven. The site is part of a larger archaeological park, and access is typically included with a ticket to the Roman Forum and Palatine Hill. Guided tours are available for those seeking in-depth historical insights, though self-guided exploration is also rewarding.

Photography enthusiasts will find numerous angles to capture the temple’s majestic columns and the surrounding ruins. It is recommended to visit during the early morning or late afternoon to avoid crowds and to experience the site in the softer light of these times. Visitors should also be mindful of the preservation efforts in place and respect any barriers or signs indicating restricted areas.